The old capital remained a pilgrimage destination but pilgrimage was focused only on "a score or so" most prominent temples out of the thousands such as the Ananda, the Shwezigon, the Sulamani, the Htilominlo, the Dhammayazika, and a few other temples along an ancient road.
A smaller number of "new and impressive" religious monuments still went up to the mid-15th century but afterward, new temple constructions slowed to a trickle with fewer than 200 temples built between the 15th and 20th centuries. 14th to 19th centuries Ī hot-air balloon flying over a pagoda in Baganīagan survived into the 15th century a human settlement, and as a pilgrimage destination throughout the imperial period. The city formally ceased to be the capital of Burma in December 1297 when the Myinsaing Kingdom became the new power in Upper Burma. The city, once home to some 50,000 to 200,000 people, had been reduced to a small town, never to regain its preeminence. However, the damage had already been done. Recent research shows that Mongol armies may not have reached Bagan itself, and that even if they did, the damage they inflicted was probably minimal. The Pagan Empire collapsed in 1287 due to repeated Mongol invasions (1277–1301). While the royal patronage of Theravada Buddhism since the mid-11th century had enabled the Buddhist school to gradually gain primacy, other traditions continued to thrive throughout the Pagan period to degrees later unseen. It was largely a continuation of religious trends in the Pyu era where Theravada Buddhism co-existed with Mahayana Buddhism, Tantric Buddhism, various Hindu ( Saivite, and Vaishana) schools as well as native animist ( nat) traditions. The religion of Bagan was fluid, syncretic and by later standards, unorthodox. The culture of Bagan was dominated by religion. The city attracted monks and students from as far as India, Sri Lanka and the Khmer Empire. The prosperous city grew in size and grandeur, and became a cosmopolitan center for religious and secular studies, specializing in Pali scholarship in grammar and philosophical-psychological ( abhidhamma) studies as well as works in a variety of languages on prosody, phonology, grammar, astrology, alchemy, medicine, and legal studies. Over the course of 250 years, Bagan's rulers and their wealthy subjects constructed over 10,000 religious monuments (approximately 1000 stupas, 10,000 small temples and 3000 monasteries) in an area of 104 square kilometres (40 sq mi) in the Bagan plains. įrom 1044 to 1287, Bagan was the capital as well as the political, economic and cultural nerve center of the Pagan Empire. It was among several competing Pyu city-states until the late 10th century when the Burman settlement grew in authority and grandeur. Mainstream scholarship however holds that Bagan was founded in the mid-to-late 9th century by the Mranma (Burmans), who had recently entered the Irrawaddy valley from the Nanzhao Kingdom. History 9th to 13th centuries Īccording to the Burmese chronicles, Bagan was founded in the second century AD, and fortified in 849 AD by King Pyinbya, 34th successor of the founder of early Bagan. The Burmese chronicles also report other classical names of Thiri Pyissaya ( သီရိပစ္စယာ Pali: Siripaccaya) and Tampawaddy ( တမ္ပဝတီ Pali: Tampavatī). Its other names in Pali are in reference to its extreme dry zone climate: Tattadesa ( တတ္တဒေသ, "parched land"), and Tampadīpa ( တမ္ပဒီပ, "bronzed country"). Its classical Pali name is Arimaddanapura ( အရိမဒ္ဒနာပူရ, lit. Bagan is the present-day standard Burmese pronunciation of the Burmese word Pugan ( ပုဂံ), derived from Old Burmese Pukam ( ပုကမ်).
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